Among the most profound events in Islamic history stands the Event of Mubahila, a demonstration not only of unwavering truth and faith but also of peaceful interreligious engagement. This historical event, which occurred in 631 CE (9 A.H.), showcases a powerful moment where dialogue, respect, and faith were brought together in Medina. Today, this episode offers a guiding light for promoting Muslim-Christian harmony and a greater understanding between diverse religious communities for the betterment of humanity.
Historical Background: The Delegation from Najran: In the ninth year after the Prophet Muhammad (SAAW) migrated to Medina (9 A.H.), a delegation of sixty prominent Christian leaders from Najran – a well-known Christian region in southern Arabia – arrived in Medina. Their purpose was to engage in a theological discussion with the Prophet (SAAW) regarding the nature of Jesus Christ (peace be upon him), the message of Islam, and the Prophet’s claim to divine messengership.
The delegation was led by Abu Haritha ibn Alqamah, a highly respected bishop and religious scholar of the Christian community, who was well-supported by the Byzantine Empire. The Najranis, proud of their Christian heritage, were seeking clarity on Islamic teachings about Jesus, a figure they revered deeply but understood differently.
Qur’anic Reference to Mubahila: This monumental encounter is directly referenced in the Holy Qur’an, in Surah Aal-e-Imran, verse 61:
“Then whoever disputes with you concerning him [Jesus], after knowledge has come to you, say: ‘Come! Let us call our sons and your sons, our women and your women, ourselves and yourselves, then let us pray earnestly and invoke the curse of Allah upon the liars.'”
(Qur’an 3:61)
This verse introduced the concept of Mubahila – a formal spiritual confrontation where both parties invoke God’s curse upon the liars among them, when dialogue and debate fail to produce resolution.
The Dialogue: An Example of Respectful Engagement: The Christian delegation was warmly welcomed by the Prophet Muhammad (SAAW) and given a place to stay in Medina. In a remarkable act of religious tolerance, the Prophet (SAAW) even allowed them to perform their prayers inside Masjid al-Nabawi, facing east according to their tradition.
Over the course of three days, the Prophet (SAAW) engaged the delegation in peaceful dialogue. A major point of discussion was the Christian belief in Jesus as the Son of God. The Prophet (SAAW) explained, based on divine revelation, that Jesus (peace be upon him) was a prophet and servant of God, miraculously born to Mary (Maryam) without a father, just as Adam (peace be upon him) was created without either parent:
“Indeed, the likeness of Jesus before Allah is as the likeness of Adam. He created him from dust, then said to him, ‘Be,’ and he was.”
(Qur’an 3:59)
Despite these explanations, the Christian leaders remained firm in their views. That is when Allah commanded the Prophet (SAAW) to propose the challenge of Mubahila.
The Event of Mubahila: Mubahila was scheduled for the following day. The Christians expected the Prophet (SAAW) to arrive with a large group of companions and warriors. However, to their surprise and awe, he came with only five individuals:
The Holy Prophet Muhammad ((SAAW))
His daughter Hazrat Fatimah Zahra (SA)
His cousin and son-in-law Hazrat Ali ibn Abi Talib (AS)
His grandsons Hazrat Hasan (as) and Hazrat Hussain (AS)
These were the most spiritually elevated and truthful members of his family, often referred to as the Ahl al-Bayt. Their presence symbolized purity, sincerity, and the seriousness of the Prophet’s commitment to truth.
Seeing this, the Najran delegation was deeply moved and frightened. Their leader, Abu Haritha, remarked:
“I see faces such that if they were to pray for a mountain to move, it would move. Do not enter into a curse confrontation with them, or you will be destroyed.”
Realizing the gravity of the moment, the Christian leaders withdrew from the challenge and chose instead to negotiate a peace treaty, agreeing to live under the protection of the Islamic state and pay a mutually agreed jizya (tribute). They retained their faith and were guaranteed freedom of worship and protection.
Outcome: Peace, Not Conflict: The outcome of Mubahila was not war, revenge, or humiliation – it was peaceful coexistence and respect for religious difference. The Christians of Najran were not forced to convert, nor were they belittled. They were treated with dignity and allowed to continue practicing their faith in harmony with the Muslim state.
This is a powerful example of how disputes between faiths can be resolved through dialogue, humility, and mutual respect.
Lessons from Mubahila for Interfaith Harmony: In a time when religious divisions often lead to conflict and extremism, the Event of Mubahila provides timeless lessons for peace-building and interfaith cooperation, especially between Muslims and Christians:
1. The Power of Peaceful Dialogue: The Prophet (SAAW) spent days in reasoned, respectful conversation with the Christian leaders, without any threats, insults, or force. He showed that dialogue based on mutual respect can open hearts and minds.
2. Respecting the Beliefs of Others: Even after the Christians refused to accept Islamic teachings, they were still respected and protected. The Prophet (SAAW) showed that differences in belief do not justify hostility.
3. Truth Is Represented by Integrity: By choosing only his closest and most righteous family members for Mubahila, the Prophet (SAAW) demonstrated that the defense of truth must be grounded in spiritual purity and moral character, not just rhetoric.
4. Peace over Confrontation: Despite having the upper hand spiritually and politically, the Prophet (SAAW) accepted the Christian delegation’s request for peace, proving that Islam prioritizes reconciliation over conflict.
Applying the Message of Mubahila Today: The values reflected in Mubahila are crucial for our global society today. As followers of monotheistic Abrahamic faiths, Muslims and Christians can:
Build on Shared Beliefs: Both Islam and Christianity believe in one God, in the prophethood of Jesus, in the value of charity, mercy, and justice. These common values should be the foundation of collaboration.
Encourage Interfaith Dialogue: Just as the Prophet (SAAW) engaged in open conversation, we too must promote interfaith seminars, youth exchanges, and religious cooperation at the local and international level.
Work Together for Humanity: Poverty, climate change, war, and disease affect people of all faiths. Muslims and Christians can – and should – work together in humanitarian efforts to uplift the needy and preserve the planet.
Reject Extremism and Intolerance: The spirit of Mubahila teaches us that the way to deal with disagreement is reason, not rage. Violence in the name of religion contradicts the example set by the Prophet (SAAW).
Conclusion: A Living Legacy of Respect and Unity the Event of Mubahila was not a contest of curses – it was a test of truth, faith, and forbearance. It stands as a shining moment in Islamic history where the power of dialogue, the purity of character, and the pursuit of peace triumphed over discord.
In an era where headlines are often dominated by religious conflict, Mubahila urges us to reflect, understand, and coexist. As the Qur’an says:
“To you your religion, and to me mine.”
(Surah Al-Kafiroon, 109:6)
This verse captures the essence of religious tolerance and dignified disagreement. Islam does not demand forced conversion, but calls to faith through wisdom and example.
If Muslims and Christians around the world adopt the spirit of Mubahila – truth, humility, and peace – we can foster a world where religious harmony prevails over hatred, and shared values outweigh theological differences.
Optional Closing Paragraph (for newspaper use): As the global village continues to face crises born of division and mistrust, the lesson of Mubahila reminds us that our greatest strength lies not in conflict but in compassion. Let us revive this prophetic tradition of sincere dialogue – not to prove superiority, but to serve humanity.
