The United Nations has discovered combined advancement on institutional developments in areas of transparency, accountability, anti-corruption, participation and non- distinction. This was stated in the World Public Sector Report 2019 published by the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs recently. The rise in the number of laws and efforts adopted by countries around the world over the past twenty years to advance and improvement governmental institutions, development on accountability and non- distinctions may be causing new problems. Some areas, with countries are rapidly moving to develop open government data systems and national anti-corruption initiatives. In 2018, 139 countries had executed open government data initiatives that make data available to the public through central portals, when compared with only 46 in 2014. Since 2015, at least 21 countries have passed national anti-corruption laws, 39 have adopted national anti-corruption designs, and 14 have created new anti-corruption agencies. Minorities are still deprived in many countries, and gender gaps remain widespread, such as in representation in public decision-making. More than 2.5 billion women and girls globally are affected by bias laws and absence of legal protections. World Public Sector Report says minorities are in difficult position in many countries while gender gaps remain widespread. The report, released ahead of the first review of progress on Sustainable Development Goal 16 on peace, justice and institutions at the United Nations high-level political forum on sustainable development, takes an extraordinary look at the sufficiency and effectiveness of public institutions to deliver the Sustainable Development Goals. The Internet has also enabled almost worldly adoption of e-government practices, as well as the sharing of information about corrupt practices and their costs. On accountability, official government oversight is still unequal and, in some cases, severely limited. For example, out of a sample of 115 countries, the Open Budget Survey 2017 found that only 29 countries have legislatures that debate and approve principal policy recommendations prior to the tabling of the budget. Corruption remains a problem at all levels of development, even though most countries currently have a well-developed institutional anti-corruption infrastructure. In common, there is little show of fortunate cases of stopping corruption and little is known about the capability of anti-corruption reforms. Among the less known developments emphasized by the report is the part played by supreme audit institutions.
In 2017, 118 countries had approved a law on the right to information, and more than 40 countries were in the process of approving such a law. Simultaneously new standards of financial transparency and ways for direct citizen participation in decision-making are being accepted. Involvement at the local level has a vast history, with forms of involving budgeting now currently in municipalities across the globe, whereas participation in decision-making at higher levels of government is now plainly developing. Over a large period, there has also been a stable development of international norms against discrimination. Those have been increasingly displayed in national legislation, judicial systems and administrative practice. Political and technological changes are motivating these directions. In specific, greatly reduced costs of producing and spreading information have made the development of the open government data movement viable. The Internet has also enabled almost worldly adoption of e-government practices, as well as the sharing of information about corrupt practices and their costs. On accountability, official government monitoring is still unequal and, in some cases, very much limited. For instance, out of a sample of 115 countries, the Open Budget Survey 2017 found that only 29 countries have legislatures that debate and approve principal policy suggestion prior to the tabling of the budget.
Corruption remains a problem at all direction of development, even though most countries now have a well-oriented institutional against corruption infrastructure. In global, there is little proof of successful cases of controlling corruption and little is known about the effectiveness of anti-corruption reforms. Among the less known developments stressed by the report is the part played by supreme audit institutions which is the top-level institutions in charge of auditing governments’ financial statements and assessing compliance. Apart auditing budgets, for which they are well known, these institutions are vital players of national accountability systems. They often play a significant and effective part in anti-corruption. They provide principal insights into the productiveness of public programmes and institutions. Many also evaluate governments’ efforts to execute the SDGs. More than 70 supreme audit institutions around the globe have conducted audits of readiness for implementation of SDGs. The UN stated that in excess of five percent of the global GDP is emptied every year. In developing countries, funds lost to corruption are estimated at 10 times the amount of official development assistance, the United Nations Development Programme.